Beavers are rodents with very long, sharp front teeth. They use their teeth to gnaw down small trees for use in dam building or for food. Beavers build dams of sticks and mud across a river. This makes a calm pool the other side of the dam in which the beaver can build its home, or lodge. The inside of the lodge is reached by means of underwater tunnels. This keeps the beaver safe from predators such as wolves, even when the surface of the water is frozen in winter.
Dam-building is synonymous with beavers, the ultimate aquatic engineers. Using branches from trees they have felled, these large rodents dam lakes to create moat-like ponds of still water where they construct islands known as ‘conical lodges’ out of timber, mud and rocks. The body of water surrounding the lodges provides protection from predators – resident beavers enter and exit their sophisticated homes incognito via water-filled tunnels leading from the lodges to the pond. The largest lodge, found in Alberta, Canada, measures over 500m in length – though contrary to a widely circulated myth, it is not visible from space! In deep or fast-moving water areas, beavers simply excavate into river banks and set up home there instead.
Beaver dam building is a pretty fascinating topic. Unfortunately, no-one really knows how beavers evolved, let alone how dam building behaviour evolved. Beavers appear to build dams for two main reasons: protection from predators and to provide a stable source of food and easy access to it for themselves.
This offers some clues about how they evolved – almost certainly as a response to selection pressures for these two reasons avoid predation, obtain food. These dams are made of branches stuck down into the stream bed and then built up with a thick mortar of mud, gravel and interwoven branches.
The dam is constantly maintained to keep the water at the same level for beaver comfort and security. Beaver dams are sometimes maintained and expanded over many generations. They can be up to 1,000 feet long and 15-20 feet high.
Beavers are famous for their logging skills, chiseling down trees up to 3 feet in diameter. However, they are not clever enough to aim a tree’s fall and on rare occasions a beaver has been crushed by a tree trunk. The beaver is a very powerful animal, capable of dragging a heavy log through the woods and down into the water.