There was a group of philosophers, scientists and writers in 18th century France who condemned social practices that appeared irrational, such as inherited privilege, religious superstition and limits on free trade. They believed in rationality and critical thinking. These thinkers and philosophers are known as Philosophers of Enlightenment.
The French Revolution was particularly influenced by the writings of three of these brilliant philosophers- Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu. The political and philosophical ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau shaped the French Revolution. He believed that power should lie in the hands of the common people.
Voltaire ridiculed the government. He was an outspoken advocate of civil liberties; freedom of speech, freedom of religion and separation of the Church and the State were his chief concerns. Charles, Baron de Montesquieu was an enlightened nobleman turned political philosopher. He believed that power should be shared between the king, the nobles and the third estate. He was also the exponent of the separation of power in government, between the legislative, judicial and executive arms.
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