Afghanistan and Gandhara were ruled by the descendants of Kushanas. Later, Turkish Shahiya kings were replaced by the Hindu-Shahi dynasty. Jayapala became the ruler of the Shahi kingdom in the late 10th century AD; he ruled over west Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, and east Afghanistan. But, this kingdom was brought to the ground by Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century AD.
The Karkota dynasty established themselves in Kashmir in the 7th century AD. Lalitaditya Muktapida was the most famous among their line of kings, who conquered parts of Punjab and defeated Yashovarman of Kanauj. Kamarupa was an independent state in the north-east through which, important trade routes from eastern India to east Tibet and China, passed. In the 16th century, the Ahom kingdom came into prominence in Assam.
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