My Science School

As we strive towards a future where net-zero emission becomes a reality, the need for clean. sustainable fuels has become more important than ever before. There's been some progress along those lines as a group of researchers from the University of Cambridge have developed a solar-powered reactor that converts captured CO and plastic wastes into sustainable fuel and other useful chemical products.

 In the tests that were conducted, CO was converted into syngas, which is a key component for sustainable liquid fuels. Plastic wastes, meanwhile, were converted into glycolic acid, which is widely used in the cosmetics industry. The results were reported in the journal Joule in June

Inspired by photosynthesis

 This research group has been working towards developing sustainable, net-zero carbon fuels for several years. Their technology was inspired by photosynthesis, which is the process employed by plants to convert sunlight to food. Most of their solar-driven tests using artificial leaves until now, however, used pure, concentrated

CO2 from a cylinder. For this research, the team took CO2 from real-world sources such as industrial exhaust or even the air itself. By capturing and concentrating the CO2, they were then able to convert it into sustainable fuel.

Carbon capture and utilisation

For this, they were inspired by the carbon capture and storage (CCS) popular in the fossil fuels industry wherein CO2 is captured and then pumped underground and stored. But rather than storing it with unknown long-term implications, this group focussed on carbon capture and utilisation.

By bubbling air through the system with an alkaline solution, they were able to selectively trap the CO2. Other gases like nitrogen and oxygen, meanwhile, bubbled out harmlessly. The bubbling process thus made the air or the exhaust easier to work with, as CO2 could be concentrated.

The integrated system allowed the researchers to convert CO2 and plastics into fuels and chemicals using just the power of the sun. While improvements are definitely needed for this technology to be used at scale, the positive results are a step towards producing clean, sustainable fuels to power the world.

As we strive towards a future where net-zero emission becomes a reality, the need for clean. sustainable fuels has become more important than ever before. There's been some progress along those lines as a group of researchers from the University of Cambridge have developed a solar-powered reactor that converts captured CO and plastic wastes into sustainable fuel and other useful chemical products.

 In the tests that were conducted, CO was converted into syngas, which is a key component for sustainable liquid fuels. Plastic wastes, meanwhile, were converted into glycolic acid, which is widely used in the cosmetics industry. The results were reported in the journal Joule in June.

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Meaning: An adjective, brusque refers to being curt, blunt or using very few words and sounding rude.

Origin: The term was borrowed from French brusque meaning "lively, fierce" which in turn came from Italian brusco meaning "sour, sharp or rough". The Italian word was derived from bruscus, the Latin name for a plant called butcher's broom, whose prickly twigs have long been used for making brooms. The term has been in use in English since the mid-17th Century.

Usage: He gave a brusque "No argument!" and walked off.

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Meaning: A verb, "sashay" means to walk in an an ostentatious or conspicuous manner, with exaggerated movements

Origin: The word is borrowed from the French word chassé, which refers to a dance step in which a slide on one foot is followed closely by a slide on the other foot. It comes from the French verb chasser, meaning "to chase."

Usage: As sashyed about in her gown into the ballroom, all eyes were glued at her.

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Meaning: It is an adjective that describes something or someone young, immature, or pertaining to young people. It can refer to the early stage of development, youthfulness, or lack of maturity.

Origin: The term juvenile originated from the Latin word "juvenilis," which means "youthful" or "young." It entered the English language in the late 16th Century.

Usage: The juvenile bird eagerly practised flying, its wings still weak and unsteady.

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Meaning: To raise trivial and frivolous objection, find fault without good reason (usually followed by at or about).

Origin: In use since the 1540s, the word originates from the French caviller, meaning to mock, jest, from Latin cavillari, meaning to jeer, argue scoffingly. This, in turn, is from Latin cavilla, meaning jest, jeering, which is related to Latin calumnia, meaning slander, false accusation.

Usage: Even he could find nothing to cavil about.

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Did you know that some famous literary classics almost ended in a completely different way? If you are fine with spoilers, read on...

Great Expectations

Great Expectations by English novelist Charles Dickens follows the life of Pip, a young orphan who dreams of transcending his humble origins and becoming a gentleman. Through a mysterious benefactor, Pip is granted financial resources, thus fulfilling his aspirations. However, his newfound wealth and status lead him down a path of self-discovery, where he encounters various characters who shape his journey.

Dickens initially penned a bleak conclusion for this masterpiece. However, prior to its publication in 1861, a group of his trusted friends intervened, urging him to reconsider the ending. They proposed a revision that would introduce a glimmer of hope, a chance for the protagonist Pip and his beloved Estella to mend their broken relationship. Although Dickens approached this alteration with a hint of reluctance, he ultimately embraced the suggestion and made the change.

A Farewell to Arms

 A Farewell to Arms by American novelist Ernest Hemingway is a novel that was published in 1929. This classic follows the story of an American ambulance driver named Frederic Henry, who serves in the Italian army during World War 1. The book explores important themes such as love, war, and the feeling of disappointment that comes from witnessing the horrors of battle. Hemingway's portrayal of how people respond to tragedy makes this book a significant and enduring piece of literature. Interestingly, Hemingway went through extensive revisions to find the perfect ending for the book. In 1958, he mentioned in an interview that he rewrote the ending 39 times until he was satisfied. However, in a 2012 edition of the book, his grandson Sean Hemingway, shared that he discovered an astonishing 47 different alternative endings to the book hidden within his grandfather's papers.

Rinkitink in Oz

Rinkitink in Oz is a delightful children's fantasy novel written by American author L. Frank Baum and published in 1916. It is part of the famous Oz series, which includes the beloved classic The Wonderful Wizard of Oz It follows the jolly character Rinkitink from the kingdom of Gilgad, who unexpectedly ventures into the magical Land of Oz with Prince Inga and a talking goat named Bilbil Baum wrote 14 Oz books in his lifetime. However, Rinkitink in Oz the 10th book in the Oz series. stands out as a unique entry. Although it is widely regarded as an excellent story, around 90% of the tale unfolds outside of Oz. Only at the very end does Dorothy make a sudden appearance to introduce the heroes to the wonders of Oz The reason for this divergence is quite straightforward the book was originally written as a standalone fairy tale with no connection to the Oz universe, a decade before its inclusion in the series. When in need of a new Oz book and feeling weary after a busy period of writing. L. Frank Baum repurposed Rinkitink's story and reworked its ending to integrate it into the popular series. The great news is that despite its deviation from the typical Oz setting. Rinkitink in Oz is considered one of the finest stories in the entire series.

Persuasion

Persuasion is English novelist June Austen's final completed novel, written after Emma and finished in August 1816, a year before her death at the age of 41 The stony follows Anne Elliot, who is persuaded by her family to decline a marriage proposal from Captain Frederick Wentworth, Years later, circumstances reunite them, compelling Anne to confront her emotions and societal expectations Interestingly, the published ending of the book was not Austen's original one. In James Edward Austen-Lengths A Memoir of Jane Austen, the authors nephew included the "cancelled chapters associated with the book, revealing Austen's first ending of the novel. However, she became dissatisfied with it and rewrote the chapters between July and August 1816. These unique pages are the only surviving manuscript of a novel Austen planned and completed for publication The revised ending, was published in the first edition of the novel in 1818. Since the release of A Memoir of Jane Austen in 1871, both readers and critics have agreed that Austen made the right choice by selecting the altemate ending. It is widely regarded as superior for it offered a greater emotional depth and artistry.

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Magic Sand is regular sand which has been coated with an oil-like substance that repels water.

It is ordinary sand coated with a hydrophobic compound called trimethylsilanol. This compound makes the sand resistant to water. The substance which was originally made to clean up oil spills is now used as a children's educational toy.

This sand has many amazing properties. When it comes into contact with water its granules stick together forming blocks which can be moulded into various shapes. These blocks of grains form a thin layer and float on water. Gradually it becomes heavy and sinks to the bottom. As air bubbles form around the granules they appear silvery when seen underwater. But once they are taken out of water the shapes disappear and the sand is surprisingly dry. It also flows freely when dropped from the hand. This mysterious sand is a great attraction for kids who can have hours of fun playing with it.

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Mercury is the closest planet to the San whipping around our star every 88 days compared to Earth 365.25 days. Mercury will also be the first planet destroyed when the Sun expands on its way to becoming a real giant in about 5 billion years.

So it seems a bit rough that we blame Mercury for all our problems three to four times a year when its in retrograde. But what does it mean when we say Mercury is in retrograde?

A matter of orbits

Retrograde motion means a planet is moving in the opposite direction to normal around the Sun. However, the planets never actually change direction. What we are talking about is apparent retrograde motion, when to us on Earth it looks like a planet is moving across the sky in the opposite direction to its usual movement Because Mercing is closest to the Sun and has the fastest orbit, it appears to move backwards in the sky more often than any other planet. But Mercury isn't the only planet to do this. Venus also orbits. Inside our oririt of the Sun, ripping around once every 224-7 days. This means Venues is in retrograde twice every three years.

There is also another retrograde. It works the other way around, too. The planets outside our orbit (Mars, jupiter, Saturn Uranus, and Neptune) also go into retrograde. Mars is in retrograde once every two years. The other planets are so far from the Sun and travelling so slowly compared to Earth that its almost like they're standing still. So we see them in retrograde approximately once a year as we whip around the Sun so much faster than they do

A well-known illusion

Retrograde motion bumboozled act astronomers since humans started looking up in space, and we only officially figures it out when Copernicus proposed in 1543 that the planets are orbiting the Sun (though he wasn’t the first astronomer to propose this heliocentric model).

Before Copernicus, many astronomers thought Earth was the centre of the universe and the planets were spinning around us. Astronomers like Apollonius around 300 BCE saw the planets going backwards, and explained this by adding more circles called epicycles. So, humans found out retrograde motion was an optical illusion 500 years ago. However, the pseudoscientific practice of astrology continues to ascribe a deeper meaning to this illusion.

There's a retrograde most of the time

 If we consider the seven planets other than Earth, at least one planet is in retrograde for 244 days of 2023 - that's around two-thirds of the year.

If we include the dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres (and exclude the other seven dwarf planets in the Solar System), at least one planet or dwarf planet is in retrograde for 354 days of 2023, leaving only 11 days without any retrograde motion.

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1.  

Imagine going on a big adventure with your friends you spend all day exploring new places having fun, and making memories. But when the day comes to an end, you have to say goodbye to them and go back home. Even though you had a great time, you might feel a little bit sad that it is over.

It is the same with a good book. When you finish it you are no longer immersed in that world, and it can be tough to adjust back to reality. That feeling of emptiness or sadness that can come after finishing a really good book is commonly called post-book blues. It is like you have been on an incredible journey with the characters, experiencing their triumphs and tribulations, and when the book ends, you are left feeling a bit lost.

Coping strategies

Coping with post-book blues can be a fun and rewarding process. Here are a few ways you can handle those feelings

• Write a letter: imagine you are writing a letter to the author of the book Express your thoughts, feelings, and gratitude for creating such a captivating story. This can help you reflect on the book and find closure.
• Join a book club: Engage in discussions with other who have reaut the same book Share your favourite moments debute character choices, or even explore alternative endings. Connecting with fellow readers can bring a sense of community and keep the book alive in your conversations
• Explore related content: Dive  deeper into the world of the book by searching for fan theones, interviews with the author, or even fanfiction. Discovering additional content can extend your enjoyment and provide new perspectives on the story.
• Engage in creative activities: Channel your post-book blues into a creative outlet. Write a short story inspired by the book, draw or paint scenes from it. or even create a playlist of songs that remind you of the story. Expressing your creativity can help you process your emotions and keep the book's spirit alive.
• Take a break: Sometimes, you need a little time to let go and allow yourself to miss the book. Engage in other activities you enjoy, spend time with friends, or pursue hobbies. Eventually, you may find yourself ready to revisit the book or discover something entirely new.

Remember, post-book blues can be a sign that the book truly touched your heart and left a lasting impression. Embrace those feelings, cherish the memories, and remain open to the next literary adventure!

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If you have been following the news, you will be aware that the Union Jal Shakti Ministry will be conducting field surveys ahead of the monsoon season as part of the 'Catch the Rain' programme. But do you know what the role of the Ministry of Jal Shakti is and when it was set up? Come, let's find out.

When was it formed?

The Ministry of Jal Shakti (water power) was established in May 2019 by the Indian Government to focus on the management and development of water resources in the country. The Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation were merged to form the Ministry of Jal Shakti to address water-related issues. The Ministry was formed in the face of mounting water crisis witnessed by the country over the past few decades. Its main objective is to create an integrated approach to water management and provide clean drinking water to all citizens. It also encompasses issues such as inter-State water disputes, cleaning of the Ganga and its tributaries, interlinking of rivers and assessing the impact of climate change on water resources.

Major initiatives

Some of the major initiatives of the Jal Shakti Ministry are the Jal Jeevan Mission, Jal Shakti Abhiyan, Namami Gange Programme, and the National Aquifer Mapping Programme. The Jal Jeevan Mission, launched in August 2019, aims to provide adequate potable water through tap water connections to all rural households by 2024. Under implementation in partnership with the States, it focusses on promoting water conservation efficient use of water resources tensure sustainability of water supply systems, rainwater harvesting, renovation of water bodies, and use of recycled water. Through its Namami Gange Programme, the Ministry has taken steps to rejuvenate and conserve River Ganga and its tributaries. This includes setting up of sewage treatment infrastructure to reduce pollution, river front development. ban on disposal of waste, and promotion of eco-friendly methods of cremation of the dead. The National Aquifer Mapping Programme is aimed at developing plans for sustainable management of groundwater resources. The 'Catch the Rain' programme focusses on strengthening water sources in 150 water-stressed districts identified by the Jal Jeevan Mission. According to a statement, a central team will conduct two field visits to the identified districts before and after monsoon, first to assess the preparation for the campaign and then to assess its impact.

Besides these initiatives, the Ministry works with the States, UTS, and other stakeholders to implement water management programmes and conducts awareness campaigns to promote water conservation. All these efforts are expected to have a major impact on the country's water governance and management in the future.

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The rings of Satum have fascinated and captivated humankind for over 400 years. It was in 1610 that Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei first observed these features through a telescope, though he had no idea what they were.

While our understanding of Saturn's rings has matured over these four centuries, the age of these rings haven't been determined precisely yet. The assumption that the rings likely formed at the same time as Satum draws flak as the rings are sparkling clean when compared to the planet.

A new study at the University of Colorado Boulder has provided the strongest evidence so far that the rings of Saturn are remarkably young. The research, published in May in the journal Science Advances, places the age of Saturn's rings at around 400 million years old. When we compare this with Saturn itself, which is 4.5 billion years old, the rings are really young.

Studying dust                                                                        

The researchers arrived at this number by studying dust. By studying how rapidly the layer of dust built up on Saturn's rings, they set out to put a date on it. It was, however, not an easy process.

The Cassini spacecraft provided an opportunity by arriving at Saturn in 2004 and collecting data until it intentionally crashed into the planet's atmosphere in 2017. The Cosmic Dust Analyzer, which was shaped a little bit like a bucket and was aboard this spacecraft, scooped up small particles as the spacecraft whizzed by.

Just 163 grains

The researchers were able to collect just 163 grains of dust that had originated from beyond Saturn's close neighbourhood during these 13 years. This quantity. however, was enough to make their calculations, placing the age of Saturn's rings at a little less than 400 million years.

With this, we now know approximately how old Saturn's rings are and that they are a relatively new phenomena in cosmic terms. With a previous study suggesting that Saturn's rings could entirely disappear in another 100 million years, questions pertaining to how these rings were initially formed and why these short-lived, dynamic rings can be seen just now still remain.

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Launched on May 28, 1971, Mars 3 was one among a pair of identical spacecraft. While its lander stopped transmitting data after less than 20 seconds, it nevertheless represents the first successful soft landing on Mars. A.S.Ganesh hands you the details about the Mars 3 mission...

When we talk about the space race between the Cold War adversaries the US. and the Soviet Union, we usually discuss the race to land the first human beings on the moon. Soon after this was achieved, however, attention shifted to our neighbouring planet Mars. The first successful soft landing on Mars was achieved by the Soviet Union with their Mars 3 mission.

At this initial period of planetary exploration, both these space superpowers tended to launch pairs of spacecraft as a precautionary measure. The idea was to have one as the backup. of another, so that at least one of them succeeded in its efforts even if the other failed completely in its objective.

It therefore comes as no surprise that the Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions consisted of identical spacecraft. With a bus/orbiter module and an attached descent/lander module, the combined mass of the spacecraft, with fuel, was approximately 4,650 kg. The Mars 3 spacecraft was 4.1 metres high. 5.9 metres across the two solar panel wings and had a base diameter of 2 metres.

Primary objectives

The primary objective of the Mars 3 orbiter was to image the martian surface and clouds. determine the temperature on Mars, and measure properties of the martian atmosphere. among others. These were in addition to serving as a communications relay to send signals from the lander to Earth.

Mars 3 was launched on May 28, 1971, just nine days after Mars 2 had been successfully launched. Ten days later, on June 8, a mid-course correction was made after which Mars 3 was involved in a three-way race with Mars 2 and U.S.' Mariner 9 to become the first spacecraft to orbit Mars.

Even though Mariner 9 was last off the blocks, having been launched on May 30, it became the first to reach Mars on November 14. Mars 2 reached Mars on November 27 and Mars 3 made it to its destination on December 2.

Achieves soft landing

 Less than five hours before reaching Mars, the descent module of Mars 3 had been released. Having entered the martian atmosphere at roughly 5.7 km/s, a combination of aerodynamic braking, parachutes, and retro-rockets allowed the lander to achieve a soft landing. With the Mars 2 lander having crashed, this made the Mars 3 mission the first ever to achieve a soft landing on Mars.

Only just though, as the lander stopped transmitting and the instruments stopped working less than 20 seconds after the successful landing. While the reasons remain unknown, the massive surface dust storms that were raging at the time of landing could have caused the lander to stop working.

As the orbiter had suffered a partial loss of fuel, it couldn't put itself into the planned 25 hour orbit. Instead, a truncated burn was performed by the engine in order to put the spacecraft into a 12 day, 19 hour long orbit about Mars.

20 orbits around Mars

A large volume of data was sent hack by Mars 2 and Mars 3 orbiters from December 1971 to March 1972, even though transmission continued till August. On August 22, 1972, an announcement was made stating that Mars 2 and Mars 3 had completed their missions. While Mars 2 had completed 362 orbits of the red planet, Mars 3 had performed 20 orbits.

Apart from the 60 images received from the probes, the data provided by them revealed mountains as high as 22 km, atomic hydrogen and oxygen in the upper atmosphere, and surface temperatures and pressures. The data gathered not only provided information on the martian gravity and magnetic fields, but also helped create surface relief maps.

Mars 3 was back in the news four decades later in April 2013 when citizen enthusiasts found features of its hardware in a five-year-old image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The debris in the images resembled what might have been the parachute, heat shield, terminal retrorocket and lander. Regardless of whether these were the debris of the Mars 3 lander or not, the mission did successfully become the first ever to achieve a soft landing on our neighbouring red planet.

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Hydrogen or H is getting a lot of attention lately as governments in the U.S., Canada and Europe push to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. But what exactly is H2 and is it really a clean power source?

Here are some key facts about this versatile chemical that could play a much larger role in our lives in the future.

SO, WHAT IS HYDROGEN?

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but because its so reactive, it isn't found on its own in nature. Instead, it is typically bound to other atoms and molecules in water, natural gas, coal and even biological matter like plants and human bodies.

Hydrogen can be isolated, however on its own, the H2 molecule packs a heavy punch as a highly effective energy carrier. It is already used in industry to manufacture ammonia, methanol and steel and in refining crude oil.

HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY SOURCE

As a fuel, hydrogen can store energy and reduce emissions from vehicles, including buses and cargo ships. Hydrogen can also be used to generate electricity with lower greenhouse gas emissions than coal or natural gas power plants. Because it can be stored, H2 could help overcome intermittency issues associated with renewable power sources like wind and solar. It can also be blended with natural gas in existing power plants to reduce the plants emissions. Using hydrogen in power plants can reduce carbon dioxide emissions when either blended or alone in specialised turbines, or in fuel cells, which consume H2 and oxygen, or Oz, to produce electricity, heat and water. But it's typically not entirely CO-free. That's in part because isolating Hz from water or natural gas takes a lot of energy.

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You must have heard of the term extinction. A species is declared extinct when the last member dies and no individual from that species exists anywhere on our planet. Local extinction refers to a species disappearing from one region, including a country. But have you heard of de-extinction? Come let's find out what it is and what its implications are also known as resurrection biology, de extinction refers to the process that attempts to recreate extinct species through technology. Since these species no longer exist the new ones will be "new versions of the species. For the last few years, one of the main species in the news for de-extinction has been the woolly mammoth. A project seeks to create "a cold-resistant elephant with all of the core biological traits of the woolly mammoth, and will use the African elephant as the host. With the creation of this new version, the project also hopes the ecosytem that the animal inhabited can be improved - the Arctic tundra, now dominated by the threat of melting permafrost. Many view de-extinction as an opportunity to right the wrong humanity has meted out to wildlife. It is also seen as a first step towards safeguarding endangered species and those on the brink of extinction. The process can also be a chance for humans to learn about the crucial role wildlife plays in our planet and be sensitive towards them. But, de-extinction is not without concerns. The chief worry is the question of ethics - the new versions of species will be a product of humans and not nature. Also, if humans start creating plants and animals, is it far-fetched to think they could end up creating even humans in the future? And, there's the financial aspect. Bringing back an extinct species costs money-a lot of it. It could rather be spent on safeguarding threatenend species, educating people on wildlife protection, creating a greener planet, etc.

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Step into the world of literary exploration as a student recounts a captivating journey through a book launch event for Dice of Dreams: A collection of stories/dreams to think, link and sink.

One of the +2 students came forward to make a presentation on the book launch that he attended in our club meeting. For most of us, this would be an interesting presentation as we have never had such an experience. Let me briefly describe.

What he shared with us. Even to him, attending a book launch was a novel experience. He told us that one of his intimate friend's mothers published a book titled Dice of Dreams: A collection of stories/dreams to think, link, and sink!- an anthology of short stories and poems. The function was held in a hall at the heart of the city, and about 100 attendees were present. Since I was with my friend all the time, he introduced me to all his family members and contacts. He mentioned that most of them were his mother's colleagues, friends, and relatives, besides a few reporters from the news media.

The function started with a few dignitaries seated on the stage who were to launch the book. Before its launch, they spoke about the writers unique contribution and the significance of the book for the readers. One of them quoted Francis Bacon, who categorised books into three types: "Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few are to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention." This title, he credited, belonged to the third category of "chewed and digested."

He then proceeded to justify why he heaped such praise: "It is a combo of stories and poems, as every story is preceded by a poem. The writer directs the readers to read the poem first and to reread it after reading the story. While the poem is read initially, it hardly reveals much, but when reread, after being familiar with the story, we could unravel the interconnectedness of them. A rare quality readers come across and a rarity even among iconic writers, but this author achieved this literary distinction in her debut work itself." Another speaker stressed the author's leniency towards her female characters, whom she portrayed much more intensely and graphically compared to male characters. This also led her to mention the necessity of more women writers to emerge in the male-dominated literary world, delving deep into women's consciousness from their own perspectives. The speaker, citing the authors working context (in a government department), stated it enabled her to shift the setting of her stories from the customary home context dealing with familial issues to the workspace, a fertile unexplored avenue which offered her scope for an intensive exploration of women's concerns. Almost all her female characters are professionals working in different contexts. One of her relatives highlighted the writer's penchant for narrating stories from her childhood onwards. Besides relaying the stories of the films that she had seen, she would also narrate her own stories captivatingly. The speaker was attempting to impress upon the audience the need to encourage creative narration among their children right from a young age onwards, which may facilitate them to become creative writers, like this writer.

The book had a dual launch: one is the physical book, followed by a trailer, which is about nine minutes was able to present the themes of all nine stories digitally very imaginatively. And the audio launch was accompanied by a few interesting samples with Indian voices, establishing an intimacy with them.

The book launch concluded with the writer thanking everyone for the wishes expressed how the occasion generated multiple feelings in her like happiness about her achievement, anxiety about the expectations of her future works, gratitude to those who stood with her, and nervousness about the reception this anthology would receive among the readers. The student ended with a note of happiness about the new experience he had gained and a lingering wish to become a writer himself.

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